Características de la conducta de fumar en función de la fase de abandono en una muestra de personal de la Universidad de Girona

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y las características de la conducta de fumar y la distribución por estadios de abandono del tabaquismo entre el personal de la Universidad de Girona. Pacientes y método: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Para ello se realizó una entrevista sobre la conducta de fumar a una muestra representativa de los 941 miembros del personal de la Universidad de Girona en el segundo semestre de 1999. Resultados: De los 281 participantes en el estudio, 77 (27,4%) eran fumadores, 67 (23,9%) exfumadores y 137 (48,7%) no fumadores. Por Facultades, la mayor prevalencia de fumadores se encontró en: Letras: 38,9%; Ciencias de la Educación: 31% y Enfermería: 28,3%. La distribución de los sujetos por etapas de abandono fue la siguiente: precontemplación: 36,8%; contemplación: 13,2%; preparación: 3,5%; acción: 3,5% y mantenimiento: 43%. El consumo de tabaco light fue del 49,1% en precontemplación, 47,1% en contemplación y 33,3% en preparación. Respondieron haber recibido consejo médico para dejar de fumar: precontemplación: 35,8%; contemplación: 52,6%, preparación: 60%, acción: 20% y mantenimiento: 24,2%. Conclusiones: 1. Las Facultades relacionadas con el ámbito de la salud, Ciencias de la Educación y Enfermería son, junto con las de Letras las que presentan mayor consumo de tabaco. 2. Los fumadores en precontemplación, en comparación con los sujetos en contemplación y preparación, informan con mayor frecuencia de consumir tabaco bajo en nicotina y de no haber recibido consejo médico

A human ribonuclease induces apoptosis associated with p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and JNK inactivation

Ribonucleases are promising agents for use in anticancer therapy. Among the different ribonucleases described to be cytotoxic, a paradigmatic example is onconase which manifests cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, presents synergism with several kinds of anticancer drugs and is currently in phase II/III of its clinical trial as an anticancer drug against different types of cancer. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of PE5, a variant of human pancreatic ribonuclease carrying a nuclear localization signal, has been investigated and compared to that of onconase. Methods: Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT method and by the tripan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, caspase enzymatic detection and confocal microscopy. Cell cycle phase analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of different proteins was analyzed by western blot.n Results: We show that the cytotoxicity of PE5 is produced through apoptosis, that it does not require the proapoptotic activity of p53 and is not prevented by the multiple drug resistance phenotype. We also show that PE5 and onconase induce cell death at the same extent although the latter is also able to arrest the cell growth. We have compared the cytotoxic effects of both ribonucleases in the NCI/ADR-RES cell line by measuring their effects on the cell cycle, on the activation of different caspases and on the expression of different apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins. PE5 increases the number of cells in S and G2/M cell cycle phases, which is accompanied by the increased expression of cyclin E and p21WAF1/CIP1 together with the underphosphorylation of p46 forms of JNK. Citotoxicity of onconase in this cell line does not alter the cell cycle phase distribution and it is accompanied by a decreased expression of XIAP. Conclusions: We conclude that PE5 kills the cells through apoptosis associated with the p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and the inactivation of JNK. This mechanism is significantly different from that found for onconase